Fez has long been regarded as Morocco's cultural, spiritual, and intellectual heartland. From the ninth century, successive ruling dynasties began and expanded their imperial capital, transforming an undistinguished riverside village into a great seat of power and influence. Fez’s star wavered with dynastic ebbs and flows, but from the 13th century under the Marīnids, the city flourished as never before and enjoyed its golden age for almost 300 years.
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